PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of the Salt Range	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene						MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene						MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian						Late Pliocene						MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene						MN 15	3.6
														MN 14	4.2
														MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene						MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian												MN 12	7.246
														MN 11	7.75
														MN 10	8.7
														MN 9	9.7
														MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Middle Miocene						MN 7 + 8	11.63
		Serravallian												MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian												MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene						MN 4	15.98
														MN 3	16.9
														MN 2	20
		Aquitanian												MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian												MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4					Late Oligocene							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4					Early Oligocene							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Late Eocene							33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3					Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2					Middle Eocene							41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2					Early Eocene							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Late Paleocene							56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian											100.5
				Middle Albian											106.2 *
				Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian											113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian											139.8
				Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
				Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan								145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian		Kawhia	Ohauan								150
				Early Kimmeridgian			Ohauan								152.2 *
				Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian								154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan								164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras					168.2
				Late Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
				Early Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
						Herangi	Ururoan		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	176
									Planulata	179.3 *
										Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
									Kanense		181.3 *
									Carlottense		182.3 *
				Early Toarcian					Carlottense		182.9 *
				Early Toarcian					Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					Kunae		184.2
									Freboldi		185.1 *
									Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Aratauran		Whiteavesi/Imlayi			188.9
												189.2 *
									Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
									Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
									Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			Balfour	Otapirian					201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			Warepan					208.5
				Alaunian								213.2 *
				Lacian								216.7 *
							Otamitan					217
							Oretian					221
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian			Oretian					227
				Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan					227.5
				Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian								237
				Longobardian			Etalian					238
				Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian								242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
				Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian				247.2
				Smithian				248.9 *
				Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Dienerian				251.2
				Griesbachian				251.4 *
				Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai				251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Kathwai				Dorashamian	251.902
													252.4 *
								Chhidru					252.9 *
							Waiitian						253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian					Dzhulfian	254.14
							Puruhauan						254.2
								Kalabagh					255 *
								Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian					Midian	259.51
		Wordian											264.28
													265.3 *
							Barettian						266
								Amb					266.1 *
												Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3										266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Kubergandian				273.01
							Mangapirian	Kubergandian				276
								Bolorian				279.8
		Artinskian										283.5
							Telfordian					285
							Telfordian	Yakhtashian				286
								Yakhtashian				288.5
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5									298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5									303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3									323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2									330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2									393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1									407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
															538.8