PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of China	Permian Subages of Germany	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian													Lujanian		0.129
															Ensenadan		0.3 *
												Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian					0.774
												Nukumaruan					1.63
															Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian															1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Vorohuean		2.58
															Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
												Waipipian					3
		Zanclean										Waipipian					3.6
												Opoitian			Montehermosan		3.7 *
												Opoitian			Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
															Chasicoan		7.9 *
															Mayoan		9.9 *
															Laventan		10.9 *
											Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Waiauan					11.63
												Lillburnian					13.05
															Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian															13.82
												Clifdenian					15.1
												Clifdenian			Friasian		15.4 *
											Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
															Santacrucian		16.2 *
															Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
												Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian															20.44
															Deseadan		20.9 *
											Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
												Duntroonian					25.2
												Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian											Kekeamuan				27.82
		Rupelian											Kekeamuan		Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
											Arnold	Runangan					34.6
												Runangan			Divisaderan		35.9 *
												Kaiatan					36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian					39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
															Mustersan		41.9 *
											Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
												Heretaungan					45.7
		Ypresian												Bumbanian			47.8
															Casamayoran		47.9 *
												Mangaorapan					48.9
												Waipawan					52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Teurian	Gashatan		Riochican		56
															Itaboraian		56.9 *
															Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian													Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Late Albian		Urutawan		103.3
				Middle Albian		Urutawan		106.2 *
				Middle Albian	Taitai	Korangan		108.4
				Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian				113
				Late Aptian				117.5
				Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian				139.8
				Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
				Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian				Kawhia	Ohauan		150
				Early Kimmeridgian					Ohauan		152.2 *
				Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian							174.7
				Late Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan		176
				Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
				Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					Warepan		208.5
				Alaunian							213.2 *
				Lacian							216.7 *
									Otamitan		217
									Oretian		221
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian					Oretian		227
				Tuvalian				Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
				Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian							237
				Longobardian					Etalian		238
				Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian							242
				Pelsonian							243.8 *
				Bithynian							244.7 *
				Aegean							245.5 *
				Aegean					Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian			247.2
				Smithian			248.9 *
				Smithian			Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
				Griesbachian					251.4 *
				Griesbachian			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Makarewan	Meishanian		Buntsandstein	251.902
								Waiitian	Meishanian			253.2
									Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian			254.14
								Puruhauan	Laoshanian			254.2
								Puruhauan	Laibinian			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Aparima	Flettian	Lengwuan		Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian						Flettian	Kuhfengian		Leine	264.28
		Wordian						Barettian			Leine	266
		Roadian	Permian 3									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						Luodianian			273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
						Telfordian		Longlinian	285.4 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Ungurian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Batyrbaian				485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian				489.5
					Aksaian				490.7 *
					Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian			Sakian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Ayusokkanian				497
					Ayusokkanian				Arcadian	498.4
										499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Tuesaian					504.5
		Wuliuan								505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							Branchian	509
					Toyonian					510 *
					Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Botomian					514
				Atdabanian	515.6 *
				Atdabanian	Placentian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian					521
		Stage 2							525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
																	538.8