PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Cambrian of Australia	Cambrian of North America		Silurian of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6			Wanganui	Haweran											0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Chibanian					Castlecliffian											0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian											0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian											2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian											3
		Zanclean					Waipipian											3.6
		Zanclean					Opoitian											3.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian					Tongaporutuan											7.246
		Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Waiauan											11.63
		Serravallian					Lillburnian											13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian											13.82
							Clifdenian											15.1
						Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian					Altonian											15.98
		Burdigalian					Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Waitakian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
							Duntroonian											25.2
							Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian														Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
						Arnold	Runangan											34.6
							Kaiatan											36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian											39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2				Bortonian											41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
							Heretaungan											45.7
		Ypresian					Heretaungan										Bumbanian	47.8
							Mangaorapan											48.9
							Waipawan											52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Teurian									Gashatan		56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	Senonian										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Haumurian											72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan											83.6
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan											86.1
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
							Mangaotanean											90.5
							Arowhanan											93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan											93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian											95.2
							Motuan											99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian			Motuan	Gallic										100.5
				Late Albian			Urutawan											103.3
				Middle Albian			Urutawan											106.2 *
				Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan											108.4
				Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian														113
				Late Aptian														117.5
				Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian				139.8
				Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
				Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian		Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Cayugan		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
							Cayugan			Bringewood/Elton	421.3
							Niagaran			Bringewood/Elton	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas	Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian							Wych	Woolhope	Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			Ontarian		433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
					Medinan	Clinton	440.1 *
							440.7 *
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
												Payntonian		486.8 *
												Payntonian		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian		Iverian		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian		Iverian		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Paibian		Idamean			494
		Paibian								Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	Idamean			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Mindyallan	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								Guzhangian		Boomerangian			499
		Drumian								Drumian		Undillan			500.5
		Drumian								Drumian		Floran			503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Wuliuan/Taijangian		Templetonian	Topazan		504.5
												Templetonian	Delamaran		506.5
												Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4								Duyunian		Ordian		Waucoban †	509
															510.8 *
													Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Nangaoian						514			Dyeran
										Montezuman			514.8 *
										Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian									521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Meishucunian									529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Jinnigian									530.7
																		538.8