PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Australia	Ordovician of the Baltic				Silurian of England		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																		0
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			0.0117
		Chibanian																			0.129
		Calabrian																			0.774
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5																		11.63
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4																Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3																Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3																Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																		41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2																	Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1																Gashatan		56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										Lancian/Edmontonian							66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										Judithian/Aquilan							72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian																	100.5
				Middle Albian																	106.2 *
				Early Albian																	109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian																	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian																	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian																	139.8
				Middle Berriasian																	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian																	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian																145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian																146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian																	152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian																154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian																157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian												Epizigzagiceras					168.2
				Late Bajocian												Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
				Early Bajocian												Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian												Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian												Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
																Planulata					179.3 *
																		Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian																	180.4 *
																Kanense					181.3 *
																Carlottense					182.3 *
				Early Toarcian												Carlottense					182.9 *
				Early Toarcian												Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian												Kunae					184.2
																Freboldi					185.1 *
																Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
							189.2 *										Tetraspidoceras
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian		Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych					Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Harju						Porkuni		443.8
		Katian									Pirgu		445.2
											Vormsi		449.6 *
											Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
					Viru						Rakvere			450.6 *
											Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								Keila		Idavere †	453
											Haljala			453.9
											Kukruse			456.4 *
											Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				458.4				Uhaku
							Lasnamagi				458.9 *
						Aseri	460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda	462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka			467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
							Latorp †				470.1 *
						Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Hunneberg					477.7
						Varangu					481.3 *
						Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Pakerort	Datsonian						Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
							Payntonian								486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian			Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian		Idamean			Paibian						494
		Paibian		Idamean			Paibian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Mindyallan			Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian		Boomerangian			Guzhangian							499
		Drumian		Undillan			Drumian							500.5
		Drumian		Floran			Drumian							503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Templetonian			Wuliuan/Taijangian							504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian			Wuliuan/Taijangian							507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian			Duyunian							509
		Stage 4					Duyunian							510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2				Nangaoian							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Jinnigian							530.7
																					538.8