PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian Subages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of the Baltic	Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian							Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene		Sheridanian							Ionian	0.129
								Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
														Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene										0.774
								Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
														Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene								Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene								Waipipian		3
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene								Waipipian		3.6
														Opoitian		3.7
								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene							Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian										Pannonian				7.246
								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
													Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene						Sarmatian				11.63
								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Sarmatian				12.5
												Badenian				12.8 *
												Badenian		Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
														Clifdenian		15.1
													Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene										15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
														Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian												Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene										23.03
									Monroecreekian							23.1 *
									Geringian							24.7 *
														Duntroonian		25.2
														Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene										27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Eocene		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
													Arnold	Runangan		34.6
														Kaiatan		36.7
																37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene										37.71
														Bortonian		39.1
								Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
														Heretaungan		45.7
								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene										47.8
														Mangaorapan		48.9
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Mangaorapan		50.5
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Waipawan		52
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Late Paleocene				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Teurian		56
		Thanetian				Late Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene				To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Mata			Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Raukumara			Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
										Mangaotanean	90.5
										Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
							Clarence			Ngaterian	95.2
										Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian						Motuan	100.5
				Late Albian						Urutawan	103.3
				Middle Albian						Urutawan	106.2 *
				Middle Albian			Taitai			Korangan	108.4
				Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian							113
				Late Aptian							117.5
				Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian							139.8
				Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
				Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian			Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian			Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian								174.7
				Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
				Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian		Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Leonardian	Cathedralian			273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		Gleedonian	427.4
							Jaagarahu		Gleedonian	429.2 *
									Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				Jaani			433.4
		Telychian					Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
																538.8