PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of North America		Ordovician of China			Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian															Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian														Castlecliffian	Ionian	0.34
		Calabrian														Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian														Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian														Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian														Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian														Waipipian		3
		Zanclean														Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean														Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian													Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian														Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian												Pannonian		Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian												Pannonian	Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											Sarmatian				11.63
														Badenian				12.8 *
														Badenian		Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian														Lillburnian		13.82
																Clifdenian		15.1
															Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian														Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian														Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian														Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian													Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													Waitakian		23.03
																Duntroonian		25.2
																Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3															33.9
															Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian														Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian														Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													Bortonian		41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian														Heretaungan		47.8
																Mangaorapan		48.9
																Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													Teurian		56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
																Mangaotanean		90.5
																Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												Arowhanan		93.9
															Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
																Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian												Motuan		100.5
				Late Albian												Urutawan		103.3
				Middle Albian												Urutawan		106.2 *
				Middle Albian											Taitai	Korangan		108.4
				Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian														113
				Late Aptian														117.5
				Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula	Gleedonian	427.4
						Jaagarahu			429.2 *	Gleedonian
									Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			Jaani				433.4
		Telychian				Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian			438.5	Adavere
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou				Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian	Hunjiang †				Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		Yiyangian							470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian							477.7
										Lianghekou †		477.9 *
										Lianghekou †		Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †				Ketyan †/Yurakian		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
					Aksaian											490.7 *
					Sakian											492.2 *
															Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Ayusokkanian							Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian											499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Amgan/Solvan							Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Waucoban †			509
					Toyonian	Lenian †									510 *
				Dyeran	Toyonian										511 *
					Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2												514
				Montezuman											514.8 *
				Montezuman	Atdabanian										515.6 *
				Begadean	Atdabanian										519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian										521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1		Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
																		538.8