PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of North America									North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian																				0.0042
		Greenlandian																				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Sheridanian						Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian													Sheridanian						Ionian	0.129
															Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
																				Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian																				0.774
															Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
																				Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian																		Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian																		Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian																		Waipipian		3
		Zanclean																		Waipipian		3.6
																				Opoitian		3.7
															Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian																		Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian																Pannonian				7.246
															Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
																			Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															Sarmatian				11.63
															late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian				12.5
																		Badenian				12.8 *
																		Badenian		Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian																		Lillburnian		13.82
																				Clifdenian		15.1
																			Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian																				15.98
															Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
															late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
																				Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian																		Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian																	Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																			23.03
																Monroecreekian						23.1 *
																Geringian						24.7 *
																				Duntroonian		25.2
																				Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian																				27.82
		Rupelian																				29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3												Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
																			Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																				Kaiatan		36.7
																						37
		Bartonian																				37.71
																				Bortonian		39.1
															Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																			41.2
																			Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																				Heretaungan		45.7
															Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian																				47.8
																				Mangaorapan		48.9
															Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Mangaorapan		50.5
															Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Waipawan		52
																	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Teurian		56
		Thanetian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian															To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian															To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian															Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian			Motuan	100.5
				Late Albian			Urutawan	103.3
				Middle Albian			Urutawan	106.2 *
				Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan	108.4
				Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian				113
				Late Aptian				117.5
				Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian				139.8
				Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
				Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian		Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian							Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3						Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian					281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian					283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5							303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian					Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula			Gleedonian	427.4
							Jaagarahu	429.2 *		Gleedonian
								Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				Jaani			433.4
		Telychian					Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian				438.5	Adavere
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Cincinnatian	Gamachian			Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian				Rawtheyan	445.2
							Richmondian				Rawtheyan	446 *
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian							450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian							451.1 *
											Cheneyan			451.5 *
											Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4											453
												Actonian †		453.2 *
							Turinian					Actonian †		453.7 *
												Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †			455.2 *
											Aurelucian				456.8 *
						Whiterockian							Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
										Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
				Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian		Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †								Cassinian †	470
						Blackhillsian					Whitlandian					471.1 *
						Tulean					Whitlandian					473.9 *
											Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
						Stairsian					Migneintian					480.3 *
						Stairsian					Cressagian					480.8 *
						Skullrockian					Cressagian				Demingian †	482 *
															Demingian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5													485.4
		Stage 10				487.5
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																						538.8