PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Britain				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Silurian of the Baltic	Carboniferous of China	European Faunal Units	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian														MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †					Villanyian	MN 16	2.58
															Ruscinian	MN 16	3.1 *
																MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean														MN 15	3.6
																MN 14	4.2
																MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													Turolian	MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian														MN 12	7.246
																MN 11	7.75
															Vallesian	MN 10	8.7
																MN 9	9.7
																MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												Astaracian	MN 7 + 8	11.63
		Serravallian														MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian														MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian													Orleanian	MN 4	15.98
															Orleanian	MN 3	16.9
															Agenian	MN 2	20
		Aquitanian														MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian														MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3														33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3														37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1														56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian													100.5
				Middle Albian													106.2 *
				Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian													113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian													139.8
				Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
				Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian													168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian													168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Jaani			433.4
		Telychian			Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Ashgill			Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan		445.2
								Cautleyan		448.9 *
								Pusgillian		449.3 *
					Caradoc			Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan			451.5 *
								Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig			Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian				470
								Whitlandian				471.1 *
								Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Festiniogian				489.5
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Series 3 †		St Davids					497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3										Caerfai	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
																	538.8