PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3											33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3											37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1											56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian										100.5
				Middle Albian										106.2 *
				Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian										113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian										139.8
				Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
				Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian						Kawhia	Ohauan			150
				Early Kimmeridgian							Ohauan			152.2 *
				Early Kimmeridgian							Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian										174.7
				Late Toarcian						Herangi	Ururoan			176
				Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
				Early Toarcian										182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		Warepan	208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		Oretian	227
				Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian				237
				Longobardian			Etalian	238
				Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
				Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian				Vokhmian	247.2
				Smithian					248.9 *
				Smithian			Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
				Griesbachian					251.4 *
				Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian		264.28
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Barettian		266
		Roadian	Permian 3			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian		283.5
								Telfordian		285
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1							Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
											Xiaodushanian	300 *
										Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian										Stephanian A	303.7
												Cantabrian	305 *
											Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4										307
										Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
												Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B							314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B							315.2
					Westphalian A							317 *
					Westphalian A						Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Namurian					Yeadonian		318.8 *
										Marsdenian		320.2 *
										Marsdenian	Lousuan	321.2 *
										Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
										Alportian		322 *
										Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							Chokierian	Dewunian	323.2
										Arnsbergian		324 *
										Pendleian		327.4 *
										Pendleian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Warnantian					Brigantian †	Shangsian	330.9
					Warnantian					Brigantian †	Jiusian	335 *
					Livian					Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian					Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Tangbagouan					Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Tangbagouan					Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5									Late Famennian	358.9
												Middle Famennian	365.3 *
												Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4									Late Frasnian	372.2
												Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
												Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3									Late Givetian	382.7
												Middle Givetian	383.7 *
												Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian										Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian										Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2									Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2									Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1									Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian										Late Lochkovian	410.8
												Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
												Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
														538.8