PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of the Baltic	Carboniferous of China	European Faunal Units	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian											MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Villanyian	MN 16	2.58
												Ruscinian	MN 16	3.1 *
													MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean											MN 15	3.6
													MN 14	4.2
								Hemphillian					MN 14	4.7
													MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										Turolian	MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian											MN 12	7.246
													MN 11	7.75
												Vallesian	MN 10	8.7
								Clarendonian					MN 10	9.4
													MN 9	9.7
													MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Astaracian		11.63
								Barstovian						12.5
													MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian											MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian										Orleanian	MN 4	15.98
								Hemingfordian					MN 4	16.3
								Hemingfordian					MN 3	16.9
								Arikareean					MN 3	18.5
												Agenian	MN 2	20
		Aquitanian											MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian											MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
								Whitneyan						29.5
								Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2					Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian						47.8
								Wasatchian						50.5
								Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian						Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian										100.5
				Middle Albian										106.2 *
				Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
							Xiaodushanian		300 *
						Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
								Cantabrian	305 *
							Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
							Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Warnantian	Jiusian	Brigantian †	335 *
					Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Ivorian		Tangbagouan	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Hastarian		Tangbagouan	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian						Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Late Cambrian					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10								Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Middle Cambrian					St Davids		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Early Cambrian					Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
														538.8