PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of Britain				Silurian Ages of Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
													Hemingfordian					16.3
													Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4															23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
													Whitneyan					29.5
													Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian					47.8
													Wasatchian					50.5
													Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1										Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian											Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												Senonian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian												Gallic		100.5
				Middle Albian														106.2 *
				Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian														113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian														139.8
				Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
				Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Nealian	293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1				Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
								Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
										Cantabrian	305 *
											305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								307
								Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
								Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
								Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian			427.4
		Homerian						Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Ashgill	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan	Chientangkiangian			445.2
												Cautleyan				448.9 *
												Pusgillian				449.3 *
												Pusgillian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
											Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan					451.5 *
												Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4														453
																Actonian †	453.2 *
				Marshbrookian †												Woolstonian †	454.2 *
				Longvillian †													455.2 *
				Longvillian †								Aurelucian					456.8 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian								Aurelucian					457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Llanvirn							Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
											Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Guniu †/Hulo			461.3 *
														Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2										Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig							Fennian		Dapingian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Fennian		Yiyangian				470
											Whitlandian						471.1 *
											Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc		Migneintian	Xinchangian				477.7
						Migneintian					Lianghekou †		477.9 *
						Cressagian							480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan						485.4
		Stage 10									Festiniogian						489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							489.5		Festiniogian
		Jiangshanian							Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				St Davids				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				Caerfai				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
																		538.8