PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Salt Range	European Faunal Units	European Faunal Zones	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Silurian of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian						MN 17						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian	MN 16						2.58
							Ruscinian	MN 16						3.1 *
								MN 15						3.2
		Zanclean						MN 15						3.6
								MN 14						4.2
								MN 13						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian	MN 13						5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12						7.246
								MN 11						7.75
							Vallesian	MN 10						8.7
								MN 9						9.7
								MN 7 + 8						11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Astaracian	MN 7 + 8						11.63
		Serravallian						MN 6						12.8 *
		Langhian						MN 5						13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian	MN 4						15.98
							Orleanian	MN 3						16.9
							Agenian	MN 2						20
		Aquitanian						MN 2						20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1						22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4									Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2										Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Gashatan		56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian										100.5
				Middle Albian										106.2 *
				Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian										113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian										139.8
				Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
				Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		Vokhmian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
				Griesbachian					251.4 *
				Griesbachian					Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						Kathwai	Melekhovian	251.902
											252.4 *
									Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			Chhidru		254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
								Noginskian	264.9 *
									265.3 *
							Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Kungurian						Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian						Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian						Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian	303.7
								Khamovnikian	304.8
								Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Myachkovian	307
								Podolskian	308.9 *
								Kashirian	311.4 *
								Vereian	313.8
								Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian						Melekessian	315.2
								Cheremshanian	316.9 *
								Prikamian	318.6 *
								Severokeltmian	319.9 *
								Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
								Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Zapaltjubian	323.2
								Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian			326.8 *
					Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Venevian			330.9
					Mikhailovian			331.9 *
					Aleksinian			333.7 *
					Tulian			335.8 *
					Bobrikian			339.9 *
					Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kosvian			346.7
					Kizelian			350.7 *
					Cherepetian			351.9 *
					Karakubian			354.4 *
					Upinian			356.3 *
					Malevkian			357.6 *
					Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	Ontarian					433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan				Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
														538.8