PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of the Baltic				Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of China			Permian Subages of Germany	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Chibanian															Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian															Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian															Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian															Nukumaruan	MN 17	1.8
		Gelasian															Mangapanian	MN 17	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Mangapanian	MN 16	2.58
																	Waipipian	MN 16	3
																		MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean																	3.6
																	Opoitian		3.7
																		MN 14	4.2
																		MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian															Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian																MN 12	7.246
																		MN 11	7.75
																		MN 10	8.7
																		MN 9	9.7
																Southland	Waiauan	MN 9	11.04
																		MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															MN 7 + 8	11.63
																		MN 6	12.8 *
																	Lillburnian	MN 6	13.05
		Langhian															Lillburnian	MN 5	13.82
																	Clifdenian		15.1
																Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian																MN 4	15.98
																		MN 3	16.9
																	Otaian	MN 3	18.7
																		MN 2	20
		Aquitanian																	20.44
																Landon	Waitakian		21.7
																		MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																23.03
																	Duntroonian		25.2
																	Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian																	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3																33.9
																Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																	Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian															Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian															Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														Bortonian		41.2
																Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																	Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian															Heretaungan		47.8
																	Mangaorapan		48.9
																	Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1														Teurian		56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian															89.8
																	Mangaotanean		90.5
																	Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9												Arowhanan
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Late Albian		Urutawan	103.3
				Middle Albian		Urutawan	106.2 *
				Middle Albian	Taitai	Korangan	108.4
				Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian			113
				Late Aptian			117.5
				Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian			139.8
				Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
				Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras	168.2
				Late Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
				Early Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
								Planulata	179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
								Kanense		181.3 *
								Carlottense		182.3 *
				Early Toarcian				Carlottense		182.9 *
				Early Toarcian				Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Kunae		184.2
								Freboldi		185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian		Sevatian							208.5
				Alaunian							213.2 *
				Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian							227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian							237
		Ladinian		Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian							242
				Pelsonian							243.8 *
				Bithynian							244.7 *
				Aegean							245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian							247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian							251.2
				Griesbachian							251.4 *
				Griesbachian							Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4								Kathwai	Buntsandstein	251.902
													252.4 *
											Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian									Chhidru		254.14
											Kalabagh		255 *
											Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian										Leine	264.28
													265.3 *
											Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3								Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3									270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2									273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5									298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5									303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Jaani		433.4
		Telychian			Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Harju		Porkuni					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu					Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
							Pirgu	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
							Vormsi					449.6 *
							Nabala					Johvi †		450 *
					Viru		Rakvere							450.6 *
							Oandu							452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				Keila					Idavere †		453
							Haljala							453.9
							Kukruse							456.4 *
							Uhaku					Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Uhaku	Darriwilian					Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
							Lasnamagi							458.9 *
							Aseri							460.4 *
					Oeland		Kunda							462.9 *
												Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
									Hunjiang †				Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
							Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Volkhov	Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen			469.3 *	Dapingian
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian	470
								Latorp †						470.1 *
				Hunneberg										473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Xinchangian							477.7
													Lianghekou †	477.9 *
				Varangu										481.3 *
				Pakerort										482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Pakerort										485.4
														486.3 *
						486.5
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																			538.8