PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Permian of the Pamirs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian									Early Pleistocene	MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	MN 16		2.58
		Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene	MN 15		3.6
												MN 14		4.2
												MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	MN 13		5.333
		Tortonian										MN 12		7.246
												MN 11		7.75
												MN 10		8.7
												MN 9		9.7
												MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5								Middle Miocene	MN 7 + 8		11.63
		Serravallian										MN 6		12.8 *
		Langhian										MN 5		13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene	MN 4		15.98
												MN 3		16.9
												MN 2		20
		Aquitanian										MN 2		20.44
		Aquitanian										MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4						MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4						MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25	Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3						MP 16		Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2						MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2						MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian										100.5
				Middle Albian										106.2 *
				Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian										113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian										139.8
				Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
				Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian										174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Melekhovian	Dorashamian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Dzhulfian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Midian					259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
							Noginskian						264.9 *
								Murgabian				266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Murgabian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Kubergandian				273.01
							Pavlovoposadian	Kubergandian				276.8 *
								Bolorian				279.8
		Artinskian						Bolorian				283.5
								Yakhtashian				286
							Rusavkinian	Yakhtashian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian					Dorogomilovian		303.7
							Khamovnikian		304.8
							Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Myachkovian		307
							Podolskian		308.9 *
							Kashirian		311.4 *
							Vereian		313.8
							Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian					Melekessian		315.2
							Cheremshanian		316.9 *
							Prikamian		318.6 *
							Severokeltmian		319.9 *
							Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
							Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Zapaltjubian		323.2
							Protvian		324.4 *
							Steshevian		326.8 *
							Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Venevian		330.9
							Mikhailovian		331.9 *
							Aleksinian		333.7 *
					Tulian		335.8 *
					Bobrikian		339.9 *
					Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kosvian		346.7
					Kizelian		350.7 *
					Cherepetian		351.9 *
					Karakubian		354.4 *
					Upinian		356.3 *
					Malevkian		357.6 *
					Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				Jaani		433.4
		Telychian		Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
														538.8