PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of England		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of France	North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene			Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene		Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5							Middle Miocene		Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene						15.98
												Hemingfordian				16.3
												Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4							Late Oligocene				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
												Whitneyan				29.5
												Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3							Late Eocene		Chadronian		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene		Duchesnean		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene		Duchesnean		MP 16		37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan		MP 16		39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Uintan		MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian		MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		46.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene		Bridgerian		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
												Wasatchian				50.5
												Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1							Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian		MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Thanetian								Late Paleocene		Tiffanian		MP 6		56.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene		Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian												100.5
				Middle Albian												106.2 *
				Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian												113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian												139.8
				Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
				Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Midian		259.51
		Wordian				Midian		264.28
		Wordian				Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3			Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian				Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian				Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Pragian							Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian							Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian							Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian							Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
																538.8