PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Pamirs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene				2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene	Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5								Middle Miocene	Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene				15.98
												Hemingfordian			16.3
												Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene				27.82
												Whitneyan			29.5
												Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3								Late Eocene	Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian									Late Eocene	Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene	Bridgerian			47.8
												Wasatchian			50.5
												Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1								Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian									Late Paleocene	Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene	Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian									Early Paleocene	Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian											100.5
				Middle Albian											106.2 *
				Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian											113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian											139.8
				Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
				Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras	168.2
				Late Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
				Early Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
						Planulata	179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
						Kanense		181.3 *
						Carlottense		182.3 *
				Early Toarcian		Carlottense		182.9 *
				Early Toarcian		Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae		184.2
						Freboldi		185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian		Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						Dorashamian	Buntsandstein			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Dzhulfian	Buntsandstein			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Midian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian							Midian	Leine	264.28
		Wordian							Murgabian	Leine	266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3						Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian							Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian							Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian							Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian									Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3									323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2									330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2									393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Hirnantian							Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian								Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang									449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian							Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian							Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		Yiyangian									470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian									477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian								Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5											485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
															538.8