PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Siberia			Silurian of England		Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6															0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian														Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian														Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														Early Pliocene		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian														Late Miocene		7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													Middle Miocene		11.63
		Langhian														Middle Miocene		13.82
		Burdigalian														Early Miocene		15.98
		Aquitanian														Early Miocene		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4													Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3													Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2													Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian														Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian														100.5
				Middle Albian														106.2 *
				Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian														113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian														139.8
				Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
				Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras												168.2
				Late Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.4
				Early Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta												174.7
						Planulata												179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi										179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
						Kanense												181.3 *
						Carlottense												182.3 *
				Early Toarcian		Carlottense												182.9 *
				Early Toarcian		Kunae												183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae												184.2
						Freboldi												185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras											186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian		Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych				Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Harju	Porkuni	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu		Gamachian	445.2
											Pirgu		Richmondian	446 *
											Vormsi		Richmondian	449.6 *
											Vormsi		Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Nabala		Maysvillian		Johvi †	450 *
											Nabala		Edenian			450.4 *
										Viru	Rakvere		Edenian			450.6 *
											Rakvere	Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
											Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				Keila				Idavere †				453
							Keila						Turinian		453.7 *
						Haljala	453.9
						Kukruse	456.4 *
						Kukruse	Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
						Uhaku					Aluoja †			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Uhaku								458.4
						Lasnamagi								458.9 *
						Aseri								460.4 *
						Oeland				Kunda				462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
										Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2												467.3
								Rangerian							469.1 *
								Rangerian		Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
											Latorp †					470.1 *
										Hunneberg						473.7 *
				Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tulean				477.7
				Stairsian				480.3 *
				Stairsian				Varangu		481.3 *
				Skullrockian				Varangu		Demingian †					482 *
								Pakerort							482.2 *
															Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	Datsonian	485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
																Payntonian	486.8 *
																Payntonian	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian			Iverian	489.5
										Aksaian							490.7 *
										Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian											Paibian			Idamean	494
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Mindyallan	497
										Ayusokkanian						Boomerangian	499
										Mayan/Menevian						Boomerangian	499.5
		Drumian											Drumian			Undillan	500.5
		Drumian											Drumian			Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian			Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan											Wuliuan/Taijangian			Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4											Duyunian				509
										Toyonian	Lenian †						510 *
										Toyonian							510.8 *
										Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							Botomian			Nangaoian				514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian			Nangaoian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian			Meishucunian				521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian	525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1							Manykaian †	529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1							Manykaian †	Jinnigian		530.7
																		538.8