PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene	Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian						Late Miocene				7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene				15.98
		Aquitanian						Early Miocene				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4					Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4					Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3					Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2					Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2					Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian								100.5
				Middle Albian								106.2 *
				Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian								113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian								139.8
				Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
				Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites						168.2
				Late Bajocian			Humphresianum					168.4
				Early Bajocian			Humphresianum					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense					174.7
				Late Toarcian								180.1
				Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
				Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						182
				Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni						184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi						192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4									201.4
		Norian		Sevatian								208.5
				Alaunian								213.2 *
				Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian						227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian						237
		Ladinian		Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian						242
				Pelsonian						243.8 *
				Bithynian						244.7 *
				Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian						251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
												538.8