PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene					Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene						3.6
											Hemphillian				4.7
														Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
											Clarendonian				9.4
														Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5						Middle Miocene						11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian												Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene						15.98
											Hemingfordian				16.3
											Hemingfordian			Xiejiaan	16.9
											Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4						Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene						27.82
											Whitneyan				29.5
											Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Late Eocene		Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene		Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene		Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2								Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene		Bridgerian				47.8
											Wasatchian				50.5
											Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian							Late Paleocene		Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian							Early Paleocene		Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian							Early Paleocene		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4									Late Albian			100.5
												Middle Albian			106.2 *
												Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian			139.8
												Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
												Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	146.3 *								Middle Tithonian
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras		Late Bajocian	168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Late Bajocian	168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Late Toarcian	174.7
				Planulata			179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Kanense				181.3 *
				Carlottense				182.3 *
				Carlottense		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Kunae		Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Kunae		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Freboldi				185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras			196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian					Sevatian			208.5
							Alaunian			213.2 *
							Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Longobardian			237
		Ladinian					Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian			242
							Pelsonian			243.8 *
							Bithynian			244.7 *
							Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian			251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Melekhovian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Wordian					Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Kungurian					Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian					Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian					Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1						Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Kuzel		298.9
									Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Dorogomilovian					303.7
							Khamovnikian					304.8
							Khamovnikian				Cantabrian	305 *
							Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Myachkovian					307
							Myachkovian		Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Podolskian				Westphalian D	308.9 *
							Podolskian				Westphalian C	309.8
					Kashirian		311.4 *
					Vereian		313.8
					Vereian		Westphalian B				314.6
					Melekessian						314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian						315.2
					Cheremshanian						316.9 *
					Cheremshanian		Westphalian A				317 *
					Prikamian		Westphalian A				318.6 *
					Prikamian		Namurian		Yeadonian		318.8 *
					Severokeltmian				Yeadonian		319.9 *
					Severokeltmian				Marsdenian		320.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian				Marsdenian		321.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian				Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
					Voznesenian				Kinderscoutian		321.9 *
									Alportian		322 *
									Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Zapaltjubian				Chokierian		323.2
					Zapaltjubian				Arnsbergian		324 *
					Protvian						324.4 *
					Steshevian						326.8 *
					Steshevian				Pendleian		327.4 *
					Tarusian			329 *	Pendleian
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Warnantian		Brigantian †	Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian		331.9 *
				Aleksinian		333.7 *
				Tulian		335.8 *
				Tulian	Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Bobrikian	Livian	Asbian †	339.9 *
				Bobrikian	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Radaevkian	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Ivorian		Kosvian	346.7
						Kizelian	350.7 *
						Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Hastarian		Cherepetian	353.7 *
						Karakubian	354.4 *
						Upinian	356.3 *
						Malevkian	357.6 *
						Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Bolindian	443.8
		Katian					Bolindian	445.2
							Eastonian	449 *
							Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian					Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian	470
							Bendigonian	471.8 *
							Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
															538.8