PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene				0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene				0.129
												Irvingtonian					0.21
														Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene				0.774
												Blancan					1.4
														Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	Vorohuean		Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene	Chapadmalalan			3.6
														Montehermosan			3.7 *
												Hemphillian		Montehermosan			4.7
														Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
														Chasicoan			7.9 *
												Clarendonian		Chasicoan			9.4
														Mayoan			9.9 *
														Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										Middle Miocene				11.63
												Barstovian					12.5
														Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian												Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene	Friasian			15.98
														Santacrucian			16.2 *
												Hemingfordian		Santacrucian			16.3
												Hemingfordian		Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
												Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene				27.82
														Tinguirirican			28.9 *
												Whitneyan					29.5
												Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3									Chadronian	Late Eocene				33.9
												Chadronian		Divisaderan			35.9 *
												Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
														Mustersan			41.9 *
												Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene				47.8
														Casamayoran			47.9 *
												Wasatchian					50.5
												Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	Riochican			56
												Tiffanian		Riochican			56.2
														Itaboraian			56.9 *
														Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian											Early Paleocene				61.6
														Tiupampan			62.4 *
												Puercan		Tiupampan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian	100.5
				Middle Albian	106.2 *
				Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	Late Bajocian	168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
				Planulata					179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
										180.1
								Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Kanense						181.3 *
				Kanense		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
				Carlottense						182.3 *
				Carlottense				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Kunae				Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Kunae		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Freboldi						185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian							Sevatian		208.5
									Alaunian		213.2 *
									Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3						Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3						Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2						Longobardian		237
		Ladinian							Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian							Illyrian		242
									Pelsonian		243.8 *
									Bithynian		244.7 *
									Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1						Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian							Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan							Dienerian		251.2
									Griesbachian		251.4 *
									Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4								Kathwai	251.902
												252.4 *
											Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian									Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
											Kalabagh		255 *
											Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
		Wordian											264.28
													265.3 *
											Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3								Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3										270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2										273.01
		Artinskian											283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5										298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5										303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4										307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3										323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2										330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou						Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian								Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang									449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo							458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian		Hunjiang †						Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian					477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Lianghekou †	Xinchangian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
																	538.8