PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cambrian of Britain		Silurian of England		North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of Western Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene								Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene							Rancholabrean				0.129
													Irvingtonian				0.21
														Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene											0.774
													Blancan				1.4
														Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene								Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene								Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene								Chapadmalalan			3.6
														Montehermosan			3.7 *
													Hemphillian	Montehermosan			4.7
														Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
														Chasicoan			7.9 *
													Clarendonian	Chasicoan			9.4
														Mayoan			9.9 *
														Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene											11.63
													Barstovian				12.5
														Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian												Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene								Friasian			15.98
														Santacrucian			16.2 *
													Hemingfordian	Santacrucian			16.3
													Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
													Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene											23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene											27.82
														Tinguirirican			28.9 *
													Whitneyan				29.5
													Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Eocene							Chadronian				33.9
													Chadronian	Divisaderan			35.9 *
													Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene							Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
														Mustersan			41.9 *
													Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene											47.8
														Casamayoran			47.9 *
													Wasatchian				50.5
													Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Late Paleocene							Clarkforkian	Riochican			56
													Tiffanian	Riochican			56.2
														Itaboraian			56.9 *
														Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene							Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene											61.6
														Tiupampan			62.4 *
													Puercan	Tiupampan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8														66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum		168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian					Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian									Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian								Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian								Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian								Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian									Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian									Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2								Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				485.4
		Stage 10										Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Festiniogian				489.5
		Jiangshanian										Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								St Davids					497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Caerfai						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
																	538.8