PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian Subages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of the Baltic	Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian							Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene		Sheridanian							Ionian	0.129
							Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
													Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene										0.774
							Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
													Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene								Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene								Waipipian		3
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene								Waipipian		3.6
													Opoitian		3.7
							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene							Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian									Pannonian				7.246
							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
												Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Middle Miocene						Sarmatian				11.63
							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Sarmatian				12.5
											Badenian				12.8 *
											Badenian		Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian		13.82
													Clifdenian		15.1
												Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene										15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
													Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Late Oligocene										23.03
								Monroecreekian							23.1 *
								Geringian							24.7 *
													Duntroonian		25.2
													Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene										27.82
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Late Eocene		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
												Arnold	Runangan		34.6
													Kaiatan		36.7
															37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene										37.71
													Bortonian		39.1
							Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
													Heretaungan		45.7
							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene										47.8
													Mangaorapan		48.9
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Mangaorapan		50.5
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Waipawan		52
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Late Paleocene				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Teurian		56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene				To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Lancian/Edmontonian					Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Judithian/Aquilan						Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6							Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
										Mangaotanean		90.5
										Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5							Arowhanan		93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
										Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4							Motuan		100.5
										Urutawan		103.3
									Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							Korangan		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6									145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5									149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4									168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4								208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1								Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5									298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5									303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3									323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2									330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5									Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian					365.3 *
							Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4				Late Frasnian					372.2
							Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
							Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Late Givetian					382.7
							Middle Givetian					383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	Gleedonian	427.4
					Jaagarahu	Gleedonian	429.2 *
						Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Jaani		433.4
		Telychian			Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
															538.8