PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene									Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene									Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene									Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian												Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene												2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene												3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Middle Miocene									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene												15.98
														Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
														late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Late Oligocene												23.03
															Monroecreekian		23.1 *
															Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene										Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Late Eocene									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene												37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene												37.71
		Bartonian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
														Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
																Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Late Paleocene											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene											To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene											To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene											Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Lancian/Edmontonian						Senonian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Judithian/Aquilan								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4							Gallic		Late Albian					100.5
												Middle Albian					106.2 *
												Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2							Neocomian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian					139.8
												Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
												Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5									Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian					157.9 *						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Artinskian						Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Harju	Porkuni				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Pirgu				Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
					Pirgu				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
					Vormsi							449.6 *
					Nabala							Johvi †	450 *
				Viru	Rakvere								450.6 *
					Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Keila		Idavere †					453
					Haljala							453.9
					Kukruse							456.4 *
					Uhaku		Aluoja †					457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Uhaku				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
					Lasnamagi							458.9 *
					Aseri							460.4 *
				Oeland	Kunda							462.9 *
							Valaste †/Hunderum					464.3 *
										Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
					Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Volkhov				Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen				Dapingian				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Yiyangian				470
							Latorp †						470.1 *
					Hunneberg								473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Xinchangian				477.7
											Lianghekou †		477.9 *
					Varangu								481.3 *
					Pakerort								482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Pakerort								485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										497
		Guzhangian				Arcadian							498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			Branchian							509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Branchian							514
		Stage 3				Placentian							517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
																	538.8