PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3													37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Lancian/Edmontonian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Judithian/Aquilan							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								Late Albian					100.5
											Middle Albian					106.2 *
											Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2								Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian					139.8
											Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
											Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian					174.7
											Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
											Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4													201.4
		Norian									Sevatian					208.5
											Alaunian					213.2 *
											Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3								Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3								Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian			259.51
		Wordian			Midian			264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Mapingian †			Kuzel		298.9
								Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
				Stephanian A						301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Stephanian A						303.7
				Cantabrian						305 *
										305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
				Westphalian				Westphalian D		307.4 *
								Westphalian C		309.8
								Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B		315.2
								Westphalian A		317 *
				Namurian				Yeadonian		318.8 *
								Marsdenian		320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
								Alportian		322 *
								Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Chokierian		323.2
								Arnsbergian		324 *
								Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Warnantian				Brigantian †		330.9
				Livian				Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Ivorian						346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Hastarian						353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
										Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4							Late Frasnian	372.2
										Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
										Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							Late Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian	383.7 *
										Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian								Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian								Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2							Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1							Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian								Late Lochkovian	410.8
										Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
										Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian									Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Batyrbaian	Niuchehean					Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian	Jiangshanian						489.5
						Aksaian							490.7 *
						Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian					Paibian						494
		Paibian					Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Ayusokkanian	Guzhangian		Wangcunian †			Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian					Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian	Drumian						500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian	Drumian						503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Tuesaian	Wuliuan/Taijangian						Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan				505.3	Wuliuan/Taijangian						Stage 5 †
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian							509
					Toyonian								510 *
					Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Botomian	Nangaoian							514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian	Nangaoian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian	Meishucunian							521
		Stage 2											525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			Jinnigian							530.7
																538.8