PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Ammonite Chrons of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian		Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian				Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Chibanian				Ensenadan		Middle Pleistocene								0.3 *
		Calabrian				Ensenadan		Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †			Vorohuean		Late Pliocene								2.58
		Piacenzian				Chapadmalalan		Late Pliocene								2.9 *
		Zanclean				Chapadmalalan		Early Pliocene								3.6
						Montehermosan										3.7 *
						Huayquerian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
						Chasicoan										7.9 *
						Mayoan										9.9 *
						Laventan										10.9 *
		Serravallian				Laventan		Middle Miocene								11.63
		Serravallian				Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran										13.82
		Langhian				Friasian										15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Friasian		Early Miocene								15.98
						Santacrucian										16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian										17.4 *
		Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian										20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan										20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene								23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene								27.82
		Rupelian				Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene								28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian				Tinguirirican		Late Eocene								33.9
		Priabonian				Divisaderan		Late Eocene								35.9 *
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan										41.9 *
		Ypresian				Mustersan		Early Eocene								47.8
		Ypresian				Casamayoran		Early Eocene								47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican		Late Paleocene								56
						Itaboraian										56.9 *
						Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene								61.6
		Danian				Tiupampan		Early Paleocene								62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian												Epizigzagiceras		168.2
		Bajocian												Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
		Aalenian												Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
														Planulata		179.3 *
														Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense	181.3 *
				Carlottense	182.3 *
				Kunae	183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae	184.2
				Freboldi	185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian					192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
		Induan							251.2
		Induan							Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Kathwai	251.902
										252.4 *
									Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian							Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
									Kalabagh		255 *
									Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
											265.3 *
									Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian							Amb		266.9
		Roadian									270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian			427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian		443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †			445.2
		Katian				Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
						Dobrotivian							458.5 *
						Oretanian							459.7 *
								Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth							Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian								489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian								489.5
		Jiangshanian		Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian		Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	St Davids		497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai			509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
																538.8