PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean								Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean								Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian					Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian					Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan					Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †											Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene	15.98
						Hemingfordian					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
						Arikareean					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene	23.03
												Monroecreekian			23.1 *
												Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian										Geringian		Early Oligocene	27.82
						Whitneyan									29.5
						Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean								Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean								Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan					Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan					Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene	47.8
						Wasatchian					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
						Clarkforkian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian							To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian							To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian				Puercan							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian		259.51
		Wordian			Midian		264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian			Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan			Ohesaare	419.2
							Cayugan			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
							Niagaran			Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu			429.2 *				Lockportian
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu							430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani							431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani			Ontarian				433.4
		Telychian	Adavere							434 *
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Raikkula								439.4 *
						Medinan	Clinton				440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru								441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Branchian	509
		Stage 3										Branchian	514
		Stage 3										Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8