PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean					0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean					0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean				Late Pleistocene	0.014
				Chibanian				Rancholabrean				Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian				Irvingtonian				Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian				Irvingtonian				Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian				Blancan					1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †							Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean								Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean				Hemphillian				Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian				Clarendonian					9.4
				Serravallian				Clarendonian				Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian				Barstovian					12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian								Early Miocene	15.98
								Hemingfordian					16.3
								Arikareean					18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian								Early Oligocene	27.82
								Whitneyan					29.5
								Orellan					31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian				Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian				Duchesnean				Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian				Duchesnean				Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian				Uintan					39.7
				Lutetian				Uintan					41.2
				Lutetian				Bridgerian					46.2
				Ypresian				Bridgerian				Early Eocene	47.8
								Wasatchian					50.5
								Clarkforkian					54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian				Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian				Tiffanian				Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian				Tiffanian				Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian				Torrejonian				Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian				Torrejonian				Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian				Puercan				Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		Zechstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian			Autunian	283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian		300 *
			Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian		303.7
			Kasimovian				Dalaun		305.8 *
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian		318.5 *
							Lousuan		321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Dewunian		323.2
			Serpukhovian				Shangsian		330.8 *
			Visean				Shangsian		330.9
			Visean				Jiusian		335 *
			Tournaisian				Tangbagouan		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
			Pragian						Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
			Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †			497
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan	Stage 5 †				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					509
		Series 2	Stage 3					514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
		Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
		Ectasian										1200
		Calymmian										1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
		Orosirian										1800
		Rhyacian										2050
		Siderian										2300
Archean	Neoarchean											2500
	Mesoarchean											2800
	Paleoarchean											3200
	Eoarchean											3600
Hadean												4000
													4600