PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Britain	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
																		Irvingtonian	0.21
									Castlecliffian										0.34
		Calabrian																	0.774
																		Blancan	1.4
									Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan										1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †						Mangapanian										2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian										3
		Zanclean							Waipipian										3.6
									Opoitian										3.7
									Opoitian									Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian																	7.246
																		Clarendonian	9.4
								Southland	Waiauan										11.04
		Serravallian																	11.63
																		Barstovian	12.5
									Lillburnian										13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian										13.82
									Clifdenian										15.1
								Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian																	15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
									Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian										20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		Waitakian										23.03
									Duntroonian										25.2
									Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan													27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												Chadronian	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan										34.6
									Kaiatan										36.7
																		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan													37.71
									Bortonian										39.1
																		Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																	41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
									Heretaungan										45.7
																		Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian												47.8
									Mangaorapan										48.9
									Mangaorapan									Wasatchian	50.5
									Waipawan									Wasatchian	52
									Waipawan									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan			Teurian									Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian				Gashatan												Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian			Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
					Mangaotanean				90.5
					Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan				93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
					Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan				100.5
					Urutawan				103.3
				Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian			Korangan				113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian								Wordian	264.28
		Roadian								Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian								Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian									Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian				427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian				429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu					Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Vormsi				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Nabala							Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere								450.6 *
					Cheneyan			Rakvere					451.5 *
					Cheneyan			Oandu					452 *
					Burrellian			Oandu					452.7 *
		Sandbian						Keila					Idavere †		453
								Keila						Actonian †	453.2 *
				Haljala				453.9						Actonian †
								Marshbrookian †						Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †							455.2 *
				Kukruse											456.4 *
					Aurelucian										456.8 *
								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							457.4 *
				Uhaku				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku	Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
				Lasnamagi											458.9 *
				Aseri											460.4 *
				Aseri				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
				Oeland			Kunda								462.9 *
							Kunda						Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
							Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian														467.3
					Arenig			Fennian								468.4 *
							Billingen									469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian														470
													Latorp †			470.1 *
								Whitlandian								471.1 *
							Hunneberg	Whitlandian	473.7 *
								Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc			Migneintian	477.7
								Cressagian	480.8 *
							Varangu		481.3 *
							Pakerort		482.2 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
																486.3 *
										486.5
										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	Marjumian		Albertian †			497
		Drumian									Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †					Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †					Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Waucoban †			Delamaran	509
		Stage 4														Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3														Dyeran	514
																Montezuman	514.8 *
																Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																			538.8