PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Britain		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages			Silurian of England			Mesozoic Subages
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Serravallian																11.63
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												33.9
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan												37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan												56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														Late Albian		100.5
																Middle Albian		106.2 *
																Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian														Late Aptian		113
		Aptian														Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian		139.8
																Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian														Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian														Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian														Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian														Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian														Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Late Toarcian		174.7
																Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian														Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian														Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian														Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian														Sevatian		208.5
																Alaunian		213.2 *
																Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian														Tuvalian		227
		Carnian														Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														Longobardian		237
		Ladinian														Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian														Illyrian		242
																Pelsonian		243.8 *
																Bithynian		244.7 *
																Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B		300.9 *
						Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian	303.7			Stephanian A
		Kasimovian	Cantabrian			305 *
		Moscovian	Cantabrian			307
			Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
								Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
								Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
							Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
									Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani	433.4
									Adavere	434 *
										436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
							Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
									Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
				Vormsi						449.6 *
				Nabala						Johvi †	450 *
				Viru	Rakvere				450.6 *
					Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian			Keila				Idavere †	453
					Haljala					453.9
					Kukruse					456.4 *
					Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku					458.4
					Lasnamagi					458.9 *
					Aseri					460.4 *
				Oeland	Kunda					462.9 *
					Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov						467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
					Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg						477.7
					Varangu						481.3 *
					Pakerort						482.2 *
											Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
											Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													489.5
												Aksaian			490.7 *
												Sakian			492.2 *
											Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †			St Davids			Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian										Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian	500.5									Mayan/Menevian
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †									Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Caerfai			Amgan/Solvan			509
												Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
												Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3										Botomian			514
		Stage 3										Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Tommotian			521
		Stage 2										Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian										Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
																		538.8