PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Units	Precambrian of Russia	Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Calabrian														0.774
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †			Villanyian									Yushean	2.58
				Piacenzian				Ruscinian										3.1 *
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean													Baodean	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian				Turolian										5.333
				Tortonian				Turolian										7.246
								Vallesian										8.7
								Vallesian									Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian				Astaracian									Tunggurian	11.63
				Langhian				Astaracian									Shanwangian	13.82
				Burdigalian				Orleanian									Shanwangian	15.98
								Orleanian									Xiejiaan	16.9
								Agenian										20
				Aquitanian				Agenian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
				Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
				Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
				Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
				Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
				Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian						100.5
												Middle Albian						106.2 *
												Early Albian						109.9 *
				Aptian								Late Aptian						113
				Aptian								Early Aptian						119.5 *
				Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
				Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
				Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
				Berriasian								Late Berriasian						139.8
												Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
												Early Berriasian						142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
				Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
				Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
				Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
				Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
				Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
				Bajocian								Late Bajocian						168.2
				Bajocian								Early Bajocian						168.6 *
				Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian						174.7
												Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
												Early Toarcian						182.9 *
				Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
				Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
				Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian								Sevatian						208.5
												Alaunian						213.2 *
Lacian						216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian		227
Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian				Wordian		264.28
			Roadian				Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian					Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian				443.8
			Katian		Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian		Berounian					449.7 *
			Sandbian							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
					Dobrotivian							458.5 *
					Oretanian							459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian		Arenigian							468
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian										Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3										Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian		Karatau										800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		Karatau										1000
		Stenian		Yurmatian										1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian										1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan										1375
																		1400