PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127777 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of China	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †													2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Serravallian														11.63
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras								168.2
				Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
				Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
										Planulata								179.3 *
										Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
										Kanense								181.3 *
										Carlottense								182.3 *
										Kunae								183.5 *
				Pliensbachian						Kunae								184.2
										Freboldi								185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
										Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
				Sinemurian														192.9
										Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
										Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
				Hettangian						Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian														208.5
				Carnian														227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											Meishanian			251.902
				Changhsingian											Baoqingian			253.4 *
				Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †									Laoshanian			254.14
				Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †									Laibinian			257.7 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian											Lengwuan			259.51
Wordian				Kuhfengian			264.28
Roadian				Kuhfengian			266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian	Luodianian			273.01
			Artinskian	Luodianian			283.5
			Artinskian	Longlinian			285.4 *
			Sakmarian	Longlinian			290.1
			Asselian	Zisongian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian			Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
			Gzhelian					Virgilian	300.1
			Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean				Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian			335.8 *
					Osagean			343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean		Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian		Early Mississippian	351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian		Cazenovian				Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian				Emsian	393.3
			Pragian										Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian										Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli												419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
		Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
			Aeronian											438.5
			Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
			Katian											445.2
			Sandbian											453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian											467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian											Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10											Late Cambrian	Batyrbaian	485.4
			Jiangshanian												Batyrbaian	489.5
															Aksaian	490.7 *
															Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian												Sakian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	Middle Cambrian	Ayusokkanian	497
			Guzhangian														499.5
			Drumian								Zhanaarykian					500.5
			Drumian								Tuesaian					503
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †				504.5	Tuesaian
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †					505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4									Early Cambrian		509
										Toyonian				510 *
										Botomian				512.5 *
			Stage 3							Botomian				514
			Stage 3							Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian							521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau	1000
		Stenian													Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian													Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian													Burzyan	1375
																		1400