PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene									0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †				Late Pliocene									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian					Late Miocene									7.246
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene									11.63
		Langhian					Middle Miocene									13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene									15.98
		Aquitanian					Early Miocene									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A					33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene				MP 16					37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11					41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene				MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene				MP 6	MP 1 - 5				56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Vokhmian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								Vokhmian						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian					Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					Midian	259.51
		Wordian								Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					Midian	264.28
		Wordian								Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian								Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian													Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian													Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian													Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian													Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian													Asselian	293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel							Asselian	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian			Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C				300.3 *
									Stephanian B				300.9 *
									Stephanian A				301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A				303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian				305 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian				Cantabrian				307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D				307.4 *
									Westphalian C				309.8
									Westphalian B				314.6
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian				Westphalian B				315.2
									Westphalian A				317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian				318.8 *
									Marsdenian				320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian				321.5 *
									Alportian				322 *
									Chokierian				323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian				Chokierian				323.2
									Arnsbergian				324 *
									Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean			Middle Mississippian			Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
			Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian		Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian		Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Sunwaptan	487.5
									Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											489.5
												Steptoean	493 *
									Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian		494					Maentwrogian
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †				St Davids			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Caerfai	Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran			514
											Montezuman			514.8 *
											Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
						Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
																538.8