PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †																		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Serravallian																			11.63
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian														Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Ypresian															Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Gashatan					56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Pliensbachian																			184.2
		Sinemurian																			192.9
		Hettangian																			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
		Norian																			208.5
		Carnian																			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †																	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																			259.51
		Wordian																			264.28
		Roadian																			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																			273.01
		Artinskian																			283.5
		Sakmarian																			290.1
		Asselian																		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian														Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian																		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian																		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian														Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian														Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian														Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian														Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian														Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9														Chesterian
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				433.4
		Telychian	Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian							Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian							Hunneberg			477.7
				Varangu					481.3 *
				Pakerort					482.2 *
									Mansian †			483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian				489.5
									Aksaian								490.7 *
									Sakian								492.2 *
																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Paibian				494
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian				Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian				Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †				Amgan/Solvan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †					Wuliuan/Taijangian			Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Duyunian		Waucoban †		509
					Toyonian	Lenian †						510 *
					Toyonian							Dyeran		511 *
					Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3												Nangaoian	514
												Montezuman			514.8 *
					Atdabanian							Montezuman			515.6 *
					Atdabanian							Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian			Meishucunian						521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian				Manykaian †								529
		Fortunian				Manykaian †		Jinnigian						530.7
																					538.8