PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic					Cambrian of China		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene											0.129
				Calabrian				Early Pleistocene											0.774
				Gelasian				Early Pleistocene											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †			Late Pliocene											2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene											3.6
			Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene											5.333
				Tortonian				Late Miocene											7.246
				Serravallian				Middle Miocene											11.63
				Langhian				Middle Miocene											13.82
				Burdigalian				Early Miocene											15.98
				Aquitanian				Early Miocene											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene											23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene											33.9
				Bartonian				Middle Eocene											37.71
				Lutetian				Middle Eocene											41.2
				Ypresian				Early Eocene											47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene											56
				Selandian				Middle Paleocene											59.2
				Danian				Early Paleocene											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Lancian/Edmontonian	66
				Campanian														Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
				Carnian															227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												Vokhmian			247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												Vokhmian			251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †										Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian												Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
				Wordian												Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
				Roadian												Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
				Artinskian															283.5
				Sakmarian															290.1
				Asselian															293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian															298.9
				Kasimovian															303.7
				Moscovian															307
				Bashkirian															315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian			Cazenovian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian		393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian		Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	Bolindian	443.8
			Katian							Pirgu	Bolindian	445.2
										Pirgu	Eastonian	449 *
					Vormsi			449.6 *
					Nabala			Johvi †		450 *
					Viru				Rakvere	450.6 *
									Oandu	Gisbornian	452 *
			Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †		453
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku		Darriwilian	458.4
								Lasnamagi			458.9 *
								Aseri			460.4 *
					Oeland			Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian							Yapeenian		467.3
										Castlemainian		468.5 *
								Billingen		Castlemainian		469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian		470
									Latorp †	Chewtonian		470.1 *
										Bendigonian		471.8 *
										Lancefieldian		473.5 *
								Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian					Hunneberg				477.7
								Varangu				481.3 *
								Pakerort				482.2 *
										Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
			Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			489.5
	Paibian		Paibian							494
	Paibian		Paibian							Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †			Guzhangian				Wangcunian †		497
		Drumian				Drumian				Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †				Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Duyunian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3								Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian								Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian								Jinnigian			530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																			635