PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England		Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of Western Europe		South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene						Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene						Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene						Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene						Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian										Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian										Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †			Late Pliocene						Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene						Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene						Chapadmalalan				3.6
												Montehermosan				3.7 *
												Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
												Chasicoan				7.9 *
												Mayoan				9.9 *
												Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene						Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian										Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian										Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian										Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene						Friasian				15.98
												Santacrucian				16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian										Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian										Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene										23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene										27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene						Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene						Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene						Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian										Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian				Early Eocene						Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian				Early Eocene						Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene						Riochican				56
												Itaboraian				56.9 *
												Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene										61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene						Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian												Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
														Kawhia	Ohauan	150
															Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian													Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian			Warepan		208.5
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
		Carnian			Oretian		227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian			Etalian		238
		Anisian			Etalian		242
		Anisian			Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian		249
		Induan			Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		Kathwai	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai				251.902
								252.4 *
				Chhidru				252.9 *
							Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
							Puruhauan		254.2
				Kalabagh					255 *
				Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
								Barettian	266
				Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian		Amb					266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian	283.5
								Telfordian	285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel			297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel			298.9
			Stephanian			Stephanian C			300.3 *
						Stephanian B			300.9 *
						Stephanian A			301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A			303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian			305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian			307
			Westphalian			Westphalian D			307.4 *
						Westphalian C			309.8
						Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B			315.2
						Westphalian A			317 *
			Namurian			Yeadonian			318.8 *
						Marsdenian			320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
						Alportian			322 *
						Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian			323.2
						Arnsbergian			324 *
						Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian			Brigantian †			330.9
			Livian			Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian						346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian						353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian							Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian							Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian							Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †						504.5
																509