PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of North America		Silurian of the Baltic	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		South American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian		0.0117
				Chibanian									Lujanian		0.129
				Chibanian									Ensenadan		0.3 *
				Calabrian									Ensenadan		0.774
				Calabrian									Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
				Gelasian									Sanandresian		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †								Vorohuean		2.58
				Piacenzian									Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
				Zanclean									Chapadmalalan		3.6
													Montehermosan		3.7 *
													Huayquerian		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
													Chasicoan		7.9 *
													Mayoan		9.9 *
													Laventan		10.9 *
				Serravallian									Laventan		11.63
				Serravallian									Colloncuran		13.7 *
				Langhian									Colloncuran		13.82
				Langhian									Friasian		15.4 *
				Burdigalian									Friasian		15.98
													Santacrucian		16.2 *
													Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				Aquitanian									Colhuehuapian		20.44
				Aquitanian									Deseadan		20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
				Rupelian									Tinguirirican		28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian									Tinguirirican		33.9
				Priabonian									Divisaderan		35.9 *
				Bartonian											37.71
				Lutetian											41.2
				Lutetian									Mustersan		41.9 *
				Ypresian									Mustersan		47.8
				Ypresian									Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian									Riochican		56
													Itaboraian		56.9 *
													Peligran		58.9 *
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
				Danian									Tiupampan		62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
			Telychian			Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		438.5	Adavere
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10				Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian				Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian				Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan	Stage 5 †			Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan	Stage 5 †			Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4				Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3				Dyeran		514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
							Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
															635