PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	European Faunal Zones	Silurian of England	Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian									Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian									Castlecliffian					0.774
		Calabrian									Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan		MN 17			1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian		MN 17			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †								Mangapanian		MN 16			2.58
											Waipipian		MN 16			3
													MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean														3.6
											Opoitian					3.7
													MN 14			4.2
													MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian											MN 12			7.246
													MN 11			7.75
													MN 10			8.7
													MN 9			9.7
										Southland	Waiauan		MN 9			11.04
													MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian											MN 7 + 8			11.63
													MN 6			12.8 *
											Lillburnian		MN 6			13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian		MN 5			13.82
											Clifdenian					15.1
										Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian											MN 4			15.98
													MN 3			16.9
											Otaian		MN 3			18.7
													MN 2			20
		Aquitanian														20.44
										Landon	Waitakian					21.7
													MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
											Duntroonian					25.2
											Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
										Arnold	Runangan					34.6
											Kaiatan					36.7
		Bartonian									Kaiatan					37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian					39.1
		Lutetian									Bortonian					41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
											Heretaungan					45.7
		Ypresian									Heretaungan					47.8
											Mangaorapan					48.9
											Waipawan					52
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Teurian					56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian				Senonian	66
		Campanian									Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
											Mangaotanean					90.5
											Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian		93.9							Arowhanan
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	Gallic	100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian			Korangan		113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Induan					251.2
		Induan					Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
							Kalabagh		255 *
							Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
							Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb		266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle						Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle						Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian	Wych						Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian			438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Tremadocian		477.7
		Tremadocian		Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
				Aksaian								490.7 *
				Sakian								492.2 *
											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
					Ayusokkanian								Arcadian	498.4
					Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian									500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †			Amgan/Solvan			Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †						Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Branchian	Waucoban †	509
						Toyonian		Lenian †						510 *
						Toyonian					Dyeran			511 *
						Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3												514
											Montezuman			514.8 *
						Atdabanian								515.6 *
												Placentian		517.1
											Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian								521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian	525.5
		Fortunian				Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
																538.8