PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian																	Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian																	Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian																	Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †																Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																	Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																	Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian														Pannonian			Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian														Sarmatian			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian														Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																	Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian																	Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																	Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																	Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian																	Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian																	Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian																	Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian																	Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian																	Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Senonian	Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian													Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Gallic						100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian												Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian															Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
																	Kawhia	Ohauan		150
																		Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian																Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Toarcian															Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian																Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian																Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian																Warepan		208.5
																		Otamitan		217
																		Oretian		221
		Carnian																Oretian		227
		Carnian															Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian																Etalian		238
		Anisian																Etalian		242
		Anisian																Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian																Nelsonian		249
		Induan																Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan															DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902														Makarewan
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian				Barettian	266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
									Cantabrian	305 *
								305.9
		Moscovian						307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian					Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian					Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian					Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †							504.5
																				509