PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Siberia			Ordovician of the Baltic			Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Calabrian													0.774
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Serravallian													11.63
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
				Bartonian													37.71
				Lutetian													41.2
				Ypresian													47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian													56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian											Late Aptian		113
				Aptian											Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian											Late Bajocian		168.2
				Bajocian											Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian											Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian		174.7
															Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
															Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian											Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Sinemurian											Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian											Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian											Sevatian		208.5
															Alaunian		213.2 *
															Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian											Tuvalian		227
				Carnian											Julian		233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
				Griesbachian		251.4 *
				Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
						Kalabagh		255 *
						Wargal		256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
								265.3 *
						Amb		266.1 *
			Roadian			Amb		266.9
			Roadian					270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian		Bolindian				Pirgu	445.2
					Eastonian				Pirgu	449 *
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
					Gisbornian				Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian				Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian		Yapeenian							467.3
					Castlemainian							468.5 *
					Castlemainian				Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian							470
					Chewtonian					Latorp †		470.1 *
					Bendigonian							471.8 *
					Lancefieldian							473.5 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
			Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
Varangu				481.3 *
Pakerort				482.2 *
				Warendian	482.8 *
				Warendian	Mansian †				483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian				Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian			485.4
													486.3 *
								486.5
			Jiangshanian					489.5
					Aksaian			490.7 *
					Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian					494
			Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian				497
			Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian				499.5
			Drumian			Mayan/Menevian				500.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †				Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							Amgan/Solvan			509
								Toyonian		Lenian †			510 *
								Botomian					512.5 *
			Stage 3					Botomian					514
			Stage 3					Atdabanian					515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian					521
			Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
			Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †			529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											538.8
			Cryogenian											635
			Tonian											720
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											1000
			Ectasian											1200
			Calymmian											1400
		Paleoproterozoic	Statherian											1600
			Orosirian											1800
			Rhyacian											2050
			Siderian											2300
	Archean	Neoarchean												2500
		Mesoarchean												2800
		Paleoarchean												3200
		Eoarchean												3600
	Hadean													4000
																	4600