PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of Britain				Silurian of North America	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean							Cenozoic 6	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †																		2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian							7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian	Pannonian							9.4
		Serravallian											Clarendonian	Sarmatian						Cenozoic 5	11.63
													Barstovian	Sarmatian							12.5
														Badenian							12.8 *
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
													Hemingfordian								16.3
													Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian																			27.82
													Whitneyan								29.5
													Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Chadronian							Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian											Uintan							Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian								47.8
													Wasatchian								50.5
													Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Clarkforkian							Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian											Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian																		Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian																		Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																		Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian																		Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian																		Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian																		Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian																		Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian																		Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Oteke	Puaroan								Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian									Oteke	Puaroan								Jurassic 5	149.2
											Kawhia	Ohauan									150
												Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Callovian										Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian																		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian		168.2																Jurassic 4
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian			Warepan		208.5
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
		Carnian			Oretian	Triassic 3	227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan	Triassic 3	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan	Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian			Etalian		238
		Anisian			Etalian		242
		Anisian			Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian		249
		Induan			Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	Dorashamian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Longtanian †		Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	Longtanian †		Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian			264.28
						Barettian			266
								Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian					Permian 3	Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian	Permian 2	273.01
						Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
							Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian			285
						Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
							Yakhtashian		288.5
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian					Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian						Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian						Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian						Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Srbsko					Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Chotec					Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian					Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju		Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu		Rawtheyan				445.2
												Cautleyan				448.9 *
												Pusgillian				449.3 *
										Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
										Nabala							Johvi †	450 *
								Viru		Rakvere								450.6 *
										Rakvere		Cheneyan						451.5 *
										Oandu		Cheneyan						452 *
										Oandu		Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila					Idavere †		Ordovician 4	453
										Keila						Actonian †		453.2 *
										Haljala						Actonian †		453.9
																Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
																Longvillian †			455.2 *
										Kukruse									456.4 *
												Aurelucian							456.8 *
																Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
										Uhaku					Aluoja †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Ordovician 3		458.4
										Lasnamagi									458.9 *
										Aseri									460.4 *
										Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
								Oeland		Kunda									462.9 *
				Valaste †/Hunderum						Kunda					464.3 *
										Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka				467.1 *
		Dapingian															Ordovician 2		467.3
											Arenig	Fennian							468.4 *
										Billingen									469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian																	470
				Latorp †															470.1 *
												Whitlandian							471.1 *
										Hunneberg		Whitlandian							473.7 *
												Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian									Tremadoc	Migneintian					Ordovician 1		477.7
					Cressagian	480.8 *
						Varangu				481.3 *
						Pakerort				482.2 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Cambrian 5	485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian									Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Cambrian 3					509
	Series 2	Stage 3										Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										Cambrian 1					529
																					538.8