PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Britain				North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of North America	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian								Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian								Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan								Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †																		2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian								Clarendonian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
										Hemingfordian								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
										Arikareean								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
																			Monroecreekian		23.1 *
																			Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian																	Geringian		27.82
										Whitneyan											29.5
										Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan								Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan								Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
										Wasatchian								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
										Clarkforkian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian										To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian										To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian								Puercan										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian			Wordian	264.28
		Roadian			Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian				Nealian	293.52
		Asselian				Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
									Stephanian B		300.9 *
									Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A		303.7
									Cantabrian		305 *
											305.9
		Moscovian									307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D		307.4 *
									Westphalian C		309.8
									Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B		315.2
									Westphalian A		317 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian		318.8 *
									Marsdenian		320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
									Alportian		322 *
									Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian		323.2
									Arnsbergian		324 *
									Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian		Brigantian †		330.9
			Livian				Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian						346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian						353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Cautleyan			448.9 *
										Pusgillian			449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
										Streffordian	Berounian			449.7 *
										Cheneyan				451.5 *
										Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian												453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
															Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Aurelucian						456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
											Dobrotivian				458.5 *
											Oretanian				459.7 *
									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
												Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †				467.3
											Arenigian					468
				Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian	470
					Whitlandian	471.1 *
					Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian	Tremadocian					477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian						480.8 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Datsonian			485.4
		Stage 10						Payntonian			486.8 *
		Jiangshanian						Iverian			489.5
		Paibian						Idamean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †			Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian									Boomerangian	499
		Drumian									Undillan	500.5
		Drumian									Floran	503
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †	Templetonian				504.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †	Ordian				507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4										Ordian				509
																					510.8 *