PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Britain				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of England		Carboniferous of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Nihewanian				Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian														Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian														Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †									Yushean				Late Pliocene				2.58
		Zanclean										Yushean				Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean										Baodean				Early Pliocene				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Tortonian										Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian										Tunggurian				Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian										Shanwangian				Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian										Shanwangian				Early Miocene				15.98
		Burdigalian										Xiejiaan								16.9
		Aquitanian										Xiejiaan								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian														Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian									Bumbanian					Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Gashatan						Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian														Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
		Kimmeridgian																		149.2
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Pliensbachian																		184.2
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian																		208.5
		Carnian																		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †																254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																		259.51
		Wordian																		264.28
		Roadian																		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																		273.01
		Artinskian																		283.5
		Sakmarian																		290.1
		Asselian													Bursumian †					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian													Virgilian					298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4				Buildwas
		Homerian	Wych			Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill				Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan			Gamachian	445.2
							Rawtheyan			Richmondian	446 *
							Cautleyan				448.9 *
							Pusgillian				449.3 *
			Caradoc				Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
										Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian			450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
							Cheneyan						451.5 *
							Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
											Actonian †		453.2 *
										Turinian	Actonian †		453.7 *
											Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †			455.2 *
							Aurelucian							456.8 *
									Whiterockian			Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								467.3
			Arenig				Fennian								468.4 *
										Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian					Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †				Cassinian †	470
							Whitlandian		Blackhillsian						471.1 *
							Whitlandian		Tulean						473.9 *
							Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc				Migneintian								477.7
							Migneintian		Stairsian						480.3 *
							Cressagian		Stairsian						480.8 *
							Cressagian		Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
														Demingian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian													Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian														Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan														Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan														Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4															Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4																Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3			514													Dyeran
					Montezuman													514.8 *
					Begadean													519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																529
																				538.8