PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of North America
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †																			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																				5.333
		Tortonian																				7.246
		Serravallian																				11.63
		Langhian																				13.82
		Burdigalian																				15.98
		Aquitanian																				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian																	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian																				41.2
		Ypresian																		Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	Gashatan			56
		Selandian																				59.2
		Danian																				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				66
		Campanian																				72.1
		Santonian																				83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																				100.5
		Aptian																				113
		Barremian																				121.4
		Hauterivian																				125.77
		Valanginian																				132.6
		Berriasian																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																				145
		Kimmeridgian																				149.2
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Bathonian																				165.3
		Bajocian																				168.2
		Aalenian																				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																				174.7
		Pliensbachian																				184.2
		Sinemurian																				192.9
		Hettangian																				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																				201.4
		Norian																				208.5
		Carnian																				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †																		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																				259.51
		Wordian																				264.28
		Roadian																				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																				273.01
		Artinskian																				283.5
		Sakmarian																				290.1
		Asselian																			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian																			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian																			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian																			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian																			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian																			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian																			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian																			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			330.9																Chesterian
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani			433.4
		Telychian	Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill			Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan				Pirgu	445.2
						Cautleyan					448.9 *
						Pusgillian					449.3 *
			Caradoc			Streffordian				Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
						Cheneyan					Rakvere		451.5 *
						Cheneyan					Oandu		452 *
						Burrellian					Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian									Keila	Idavere †	453
										Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
										Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
										Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †				455.2 *
											Kukruse			456.4 *
						Aurelucian								456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Uhaku			458.4
											Lasnamagi			458.9 *
											Aseri			460.4 *
				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		461.3 *					Aseri
						Oeland			Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
			Arenig	Fennian										468.4 *
									Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
											Latorp †			470.1 *
				Whitlandian										471.1 *
				Whitlandian					Hunneberg					473.7 *
				Moridunian										474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian										477.7
				Cressagian										480.8 *
									Varangu					481.3 *
									Pakerort					482.2 *
														Mansian †	483.55 *
														Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																			486.3 *
						486.5
						Sunwaptan													487.5
		Jiangshanian														Jiangshanian			489.5
											Aksaian								490.7 *
											Sakian								492.2 *
						Steptoean													493 *
		Paibian														Paibian			494
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian								494.7 *
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian								Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian								Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian								Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian								Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †								Amgan/Solvan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †									Wuliuan/Taijangian			Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Duyunian		Waucoban †		509
											Toyonian				Lenian †					510 *
											Toyonian								Dyeran	511 *
											Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3														Nangaoian				514
																			Montezuman	514.8 *
											Atdabanian								Montezuman	515.6 *
											Atdabanian								Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian			Meishucunian					521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian													Manykaian †	529
		Fortunian									Jinnigian				Manykaian †	530.7
																						538.8