PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian												Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Serravallian																11.63
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Gallic	Late Albian		100.5
																Middle Albian		106.2 *
																Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian														Late Aptian		113
		Aptian														Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian													Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian		139.8
																Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian														Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian														Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian														Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian														Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian														Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Late Toarcian		174.7
																Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian														Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian														Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian														Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian														Sevatian		208.5
																Alaunian		213.2 *
																Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian														Tuvalian		227
		Carnian														Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														Longobardian		237
		Ladinian														Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian														Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian				Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Missourian			303.7			Stephanian A
			Missourian			Cantabrian			305 *
			Desmoinesian						305.9 *
		Moscovian							307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
							Westphalian C		309.8
			Atokan				Westphalian C		312.7 *
							Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B		315.2
							Westphalian A		317 *
			Morrowan				Westphalian A		318.4 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
							Marsdenian		320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
							Alportian		322 *
							Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian				Chokierian		323.2
							Arnsbergian		324 *
							Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
			Meramecian			Warnantian	Brigantian †		335.8 *
						Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Osagean			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean			Ivorian			346.7
			Kinderhookian			Ivorian			351.9 *
			Kinderhookian			Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
									Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
									Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian								Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian									Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
											Raikkula		439.4 *
									Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
		Tremadocian									477.7
		Tremadocian									Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian			489.5
											Aksaian			490.7 *
											Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †			Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian									Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian									Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †			Amgan/Solvan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Amgan/Solvan	509
												Toyonian		Lenian †	510 *
												Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3										Botomian			514
		Stage 3										Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Tommotian			521
		Stage 2										Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian										Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †	529
																		538.8