PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Silurian of England		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene		0.129
				Calabrian										Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Gelasian										Early Pleistocene		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †									Late Pliocene		2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
			Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian										Late Miocene		7.246
				Serravallian										Middle Miocene		11.63
				Langhian										Middle Miocene		13.82
				Burdigalian										Early Miocene		15.98
				Aquitanian										Early Miocene		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			Late Oligocene		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			Early Oligocene		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Late Eocene		33.9
				Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Middle Eocene		37.71
				Lutetian										Middle Eocene		41.2
				Ypresian							Bumbanian			Early Eocene		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan				Late Paleocene		56
				Selandian										Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Danian										Early Paleocene		61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †									Zechstein	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian											Rotliegendes	259.51
				Wordian												264.28
				Roadian												266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
				Artinskian											Autunian	283.5
				Sakmarian												290.1
				Asselian												293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
				Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian				300 *
				Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian				303.7
				Kasimovian								Dalaun				305.8 *
Moscovian				307
Bashkirian				315.2
				Huashibanian			318.5 *
				Lousuan			321.2 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Dewunian			323.2
			Serpukhovian	Shangsian			330.8 *
			Visean	Shangsian			330.9
			Visean	Jiusian			335 *
			Tournaisian	Tangbagouan			346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
			Pragian				Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare			419.2
								Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare			421.3
								Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					425.6
			Gorstian		Buildwas			426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas			Rootsikula	427.4
					Wych		Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
								Adavere	434 *
									436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
					Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
								Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †	497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635