PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of France	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian														Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian														Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †													Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian														Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian														Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian														Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian														Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian														Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian								Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian														Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian								Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan									Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian														Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian												Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
														Kawhia	Ohauan		150
															Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian													Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Toarcian												Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian													Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian													Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian													Warepan		208.5
															Otamitan		217
															Oretian		221
		Carnian													Oretian		227
		Carnian												Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian													Etalian		238
		Anisian													Etalian		242
		Anisian													Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									Vokhmian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian													Nelsonian		249
		Induan													Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan												DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima			Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				Barettian	266
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Kungurian							Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian							Mangapirian	283.5
									Telfordian	285
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																	538.8