PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
														Irvingtonian	0.21
												Castlecliffian			0.34
				Calabrian											0.774
														Blancan	1.4
												Nukumaruan			1.63
				Gelasian								Nukumaruan			1.8
				Gelasian								Mangapanian			2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †							Mangapanian			2.58
				Piacenzian								Waipipian			3
				Zanclean								Waipipian			3.6
												Opoitian			3.7
												Opoitian		Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
				Messinian								Tongaporutuan			7.2
				Tortonian											7.246
														Clarendonian	9.4
											Southland	Waiauan			11.04
				Serravallian											11.63
														Barstovian	12.5
												Lillburnian			13.05
				Langhian								Lillburnian			13.82
												Clifdenian			15.1
											Pareora	Altonian			15.9
				Burdigalian											15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
												Otaian			18.7
				Aquitanian								Otaian			20.44
				Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian			21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian			23.03
												Duntroonian			25.2
												Whaingaroan			27.3
				Rupelian											27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian	33.9
											Arnold	Runangan			34.6
												Kaiatan			36.7
														Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian											37.71
												Bortonian			39.1
														Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian											41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
												Heretaungan			45.7
														Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian											47.8
												Mangaorapan			48.9
												Mangaorapan		Wasatchian	50.5
												Waipawan		Wasatchian	52
												Waipawan		Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian		Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian										Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian										Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian										Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian										Puercan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian			Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian			Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
					Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian			Korangan		113
			Aptian					117.5
			Barremian					121.4
			Hauterivian					125.77
			Valanginian					132.6
			Berriasian					139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
			Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian					Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Bajocian						Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian					Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
								Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian					Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian					Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian					Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
			Norian							208.5
			Carnian							227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
			Wordian								264.28
			Roadian								266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
			Artinskian								283.5
			Sakmarian								290.1
			Asselian								Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Virgilian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian								Missourian		303.7
			Kasimovian								Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian								Desmoinesian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Moscovian								Atokan	Middle Pennsylvanian	312.7 *
			Bashkirian								Atokan	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Bashkirian								Morrowan	Early Pennsylvanian	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chesterian	Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean								Chesterian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
											Meramecian		335.8 *
											Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian								Osagean	Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian								Kinderhookian	Early Mississippian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian			Cazenovian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian					393.3
			Pragian									407.6
			Lochkovian									410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10			Sunwaptan						487.5
			Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan						489.5
			Jiangshanian			Steptoean						493 *
			Paibian			Steptoean						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	Marjumian						Albertian †		497
			Drumian			Marjumian								500.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †				Topazan				504.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †			Delamaran	506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †		509
			Stage 4						Dyeran			511 *
			Stage 3						Dyeran			514
									Montezuman			514.8 *
								Begadean	519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
		Ectasian										1200
		Calymmian										1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
		Orosirian										1800
		Rhyacian										2050
		Siderian										2300
Archean	Neoarchean											2500
	Mesoarchean											2800
	Paleoarchean											3200
	Eoarchean											3600
Hadean												4000
															4600