PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian of China	Cambrian of China		Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †									Late Pliocene	Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian											Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian											Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene	Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene	Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Agenian	20
		Aquitanian											Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian							251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian							253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †			Laoshanian							254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †			Laibinian							257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan			Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian			Wordian				264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian			Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian			Leonardian	Cathedralian			273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian			281.9 *
		Artinskian												283.5
					Longlinian	285.4 *
						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian		Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian	Mapingian †			298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean						Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian	Paibian								494
		Paibian	Paibian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †					Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian		Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian			530.7
														538.8