PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of North America		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian					100.5
										Middle Albian					106.2 *
										Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian					113
		Aptian								Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian					139.8
										Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
										Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian					174.7
										Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
										Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian								Sevatian					208.5
										Alaunian					213.2 *
										Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian					227
		Carnian								Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian					237
		Ladinian								Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian					242
										Pelsonian					243.8 *
										Bithynian					244.7 *
										Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian	264.28
								265.3 *
					Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb		Roadian	266.9
		Roadian					Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian	Hessian					281.9 *
		Artinskian	Hessian					283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian						Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian								Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian								Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian								Hunneberg			477.7
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Pakerort	485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †		497
		Guzhangian				Arcadian							498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Branchian	509
		Stage 3											Branchian	514
		Stage 3			Placentian								517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8