PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian Subages of Germany	Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian						Cenozoic 5				11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Cenozoic 4				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Bartonian						Cenozoic 3				37.71
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Ypresian						Cenozoic 2				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cenozoic 1				56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8			Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian						Cretaceous 7			Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4				100.5
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3				113
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian						Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian						Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6	Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan		150
										Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Callovian								Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian						Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian						Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian						Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Toarcian							Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian						Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian						Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian								Warepan		208.5
										Otamitan		217
										Oretian		221
		Carnian						Triassic 3		Oretian		227
		Carnian						Triassic 3	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Triassic 2		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian								Etalian		238
		Anisian								Etalian		242
		Anisian								Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Triassic 1		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian								Nelsonian		249
		Induan		251.2						Nelsonian
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	Buntsandstein	Permian 4	Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian				Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan				Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller	Aparima			Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Leine					264.28
								Noginskian		264.9 *
									Barettian	266
		Roadian					Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2			273.01
									Mangapirian	276
								Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian								283.5
									Telfordian	285
								Rusavkinian	Telfordian	287.6 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian					Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian		303.7
								Khamovnikian		304.8
								Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Myachkovian	307
							Podolskian	308.9 *
							Kashirian	311.4 *
							Vereian	313.8
							Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian					Melekessian	315.2
							Cheremshanian	316.9 *
							Prikamian	318.6 *
							Severokeltmian	319.9 *
							Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
							Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Zapaltjubian	323.2
							Protvian	324.4 *
							Steshevian	326.8 *
							Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Venevian	330.9
							Mikhailovian	331.9 *
							Aleksinian	333.7 *
							Tulian	335.8 *
							Bobrikian	339.9 *
							Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Kosvian	346.7
							Kizelian	350.7 *
							Cherepetian	351.9 *
							Karakubian	354.4 *
							Upinian	356.3 *
							Malevkian	357.6 *
							Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf				Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian				Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian				Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian				Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Siegen				Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian					Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian					Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	Cambrian 4		497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1	529
												538.8